Albania is situated in the South-East of Europe. It has a population of 3.2 million and its surface area is 28,748 km2. 48.7% of the population live in urban areas, while 51.3% live in rural areas. The country is divided into 12 regions and has 65 municipalities and 309 communes.
Albania is a full participant in the Stabilisation and Association Process and undertook the road of reform in late 1991. Initial steps were adversely affected by a severe socio-economic crisis in 1997, which led to the collapse of the institutional order and caused a serious setback to the reform process. The difficult regional situation, particularly the Kosovo crisis in 1999 which provoked a huge flow of refugees into Albania (almost 500,000), together with an extremely divisive political scene and relatively weak state institutions, have prevented Albania from achieving a greater degree of reform and development during the last decade. The main challenges facing the country over the medium-term include ensuring public order and efficiently combating organised crime, fraud and corruption, enhancing the implementation of the rule of law through an improved judiciary and state administration, improving the socio-economic situation and ensuring progressive approximation towards the EU acquis.
The environmental administration was set up in the early ‘90s and now consists of the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration (MoEFWA), the Regional Environmental Agencies, the Agency for Environment and Forestry, Environmental Inspectorate, which are environmental bodies under the main central and local authorities, as well as inter-ministerial bodies, approved by the Council of Ministers to address important environmental issues.
In order to improve Albania’s capacity to ensure sustainable development and to register clear progress towards EU membership the capacity of the relevant institutions must be strengthened, including or especially for implementation and enforcement.
The focus of the new Government (elected in June 2009) programme centres on the fight against corruption, strengthening the independence of powers and the EU integration agenda, with a special attention given to the social aspects, particularly health and education reforms. On environment, the focus of the Government is to improve the quality of life, create conditions for integrated sustainable development, and integrate the environmental strategy with other sector strategies.
Presently, Albania is a potential candidate country for the European Union. In June 2006 it signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) and in April 2009 the country applied for candidate country status. A number of commitments have been made by the Government within this context and all the efforts the country is currently undertaking are concentrated to achieve this ultimate goal - EU accession.
Albania is the only country in Europe which is piloting Delivering as One UN. Under the One UN Programme (2007-2010), the environment component addresses the following topics, taking into consideration the priorities of the country: mainstreaming environment in other sectors’ policies, public awareness, information and participation, environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment, waste management, hot spots, financial and economic instruments, nature protection, and climate change.
Programme Description
Within the One UN umbrella a programme has been designed to support the environmental administration in its efforts to comply with the EU acquis. It plans to provide assistance in the field of horizontal legislation (i.e. environmental impact assessment and public access to environmental information and awareness), in the field of financial and economic instruments for environment, and in the waste management field. Moreover it proposes to foster the integration of environment into sectorial policies. The programme has five components as described below:
Component 1: Strengthening the capacity to tackle the Environment Impact Assessment and the Strategic Environmental Assessment
The programme proposes to review the current legislation related to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) and to make recommendations and prepare drafts in order to fill in the identified gaps. The related necessary methodologies and guidelines/procedures will also be prepared. Special attention will be given to public participation, which is a key element in the EIA process, by supporting local authorities to facilitate and incorporate public comments on environmental management issues and to the impact on habitats/species while conducting the environmental assessment procedure. A needs assessment exercise will be conducted to identify the missing elements through developing the appropriate institutional framework and a functional administration capable of applying the EIA/SEA procedures flexibly and in a result-oriented manner, leading to the assessment of economic, social and environmental impacts of major public policies in a single integrated manner. Recommendations for the administrative units in order to execute the administrative and regulatory enforcement actions that are required by the legislation, including staff, equipment and training needs assessment will be provided. The implementation costs and related financial plan will also be prepared. Along all the above mentioned, intensive training sessions will be organised for a minimum of 15 staff, including “train of the trainers” modules.
Component 2: Capacity building at national level for raising environment awareness
The project proposes to organise targeted capacity building events aiming at raising the awareness level of various groups which can, afterwards, contribute significantly to introducing the necessary changes. Workshops and information dissemination on specific policies, such as waste management, biodiversity, climate change for selected target groups will be held with the intention of increasing the level of technical and/or general knowledge where appropriate. The interventions will be clustered and adjusted as per interest groups (i.e. Government, industry, NGOs, civil society, public at large) in order to make sure that the right message reaches the right audience for achieving a critical mass to support the build up of the cells that will initiate the change. Workshops and round tables aiming at assessing the implications of other sectorial policies on environment from a participatory point of view as a bottom-up approach will be organised. This activity will be performed in close cooperation with the project “Institutional strengthening to mainstream environment in other sectors’ policies” which proposes a top-down approach targeting a high level. Training sessions for journalists and students of the Academy for Journalism in analysing and using information and in standing for environment will be delivered. A PR strategy for the MoEFWA will be drafted and a mechanism for the MoEFWA to handle the requests for information (receiving requests for information, directing these requests and answering to them) will be prepared. Also, the “active dissemination” measures providing for public access to environmental information will be developed. The capacity of the existing Aarhus Information Centres will be improved.
Component 3: Establishment of mechanisms to enable the financial self-sustainability of environmental activities
The activities under this component propose to support the development of the mechanisms for co-financing environmental investments in Albania, to investigate more alternatives and to support the development and adoption of economic instruments to promote prevention and reduction of pollution, energy efficiency and investments in cleaner production technologies and to prepare a mechanism for fiscal incentives including collection and recovery of fines. Consequently, draft legal acts will be prepared together with the necessary feasibility studies. Recommendations for the development of economic instruments and for the mechanisms for fiscal incentives will be provided.
Component 4: Grants for small scale waste management infrastructure
The main objective of the small-scale waste management scheme is to provide both technical and financial assistance to local public authorities responsible for waste management. The programme aims to enhance waste management systems in small localities and providing an alternative to the limited public investment in this sector. The measure is targeted at local public authorities, and is based on a series of initiatives at local level, including the establishment of consortia between public authorities for the collection and transport of waste and the dissemination of low scale waste management techniques such as compost platforms. UNDP and MoEFWA will manage the grant scheme and take the necessary measures to make it operational, by preparing, launching, evaluating the call for proposals and monitor the investments development and implementation.
Component 5: Institutional strengthening to mainstream environment in other sectors’ policies
There is a need for enhanced inter-ministerial and inter-institutional cooperation in the achievement of two key objectives in the environmental field, i.e. sustainable development and accession to the European Union. In March 2008, guidelines for inter-institutional coordination on European integration were adopted by the government. By its nature, environment is a cross-cutting issue and presumes an inter-sectoral approach. This coordination and cooperation needs to take place at both the working level and at the most senior level. At present inter-institutional cooperation is organized through ad-hoc working groups (with representatives of different institutions) for the preparation of draft laws or strategies, steering committees of projects and inter-ministerial committees.
This new Environment Inter-Ministerial Council will be created to be the main engine related to the EU integration process in the environmental field. The Council will address coordination at the most senior decision-making level. However, operational cooperation at the working level also needs to be enhanced. It will be established by statute and will have its own set of procedural rules set down in secondary legislation. The Council will be the driving force behind the implementation of the environment strategy and of approximation of EU law (all the actions related to transposition, implementation and enforcement of the environmental acquis). It will be established as a proactive forum for high-level co-ordination of Albanian environmental policy.
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